Genghis Khan - Wikipedia. Genghis Khan (, often pronounced . After founding the Empire and being proclaimed . Campaigns initiated in his lifetime include those against the Qara Khitai, Caucasus, and Khwarazmian, Western Xia and Jin dynasties. These campaigns were often accompanied by wholesale massacres of the civilian populations . By the end of his life, the Mongol Empire occupied a substantial portion of Central Asia and China. Before Genghis Khan died, he assigned . Genghis Khan; 1st Khagan of the Mongol Empire (Khan of the Mongols) King of Kings. Ethnic origin and history of Crimean Tatars, including deportation by Soviet authorities and struggle for repatriation. Genghis Khan (1162 – 1227), the founder of the largest contiguous land empire, the Mongol Empire, ever established. He was the son of Yesugei, head of the Borjigin. Zhang Qian (Chang Ch'ien) Secondary source: Sima Qian (Ssu-ma Qian), Shiji. The Historical Records written between 145-86 BC has Zang Qian's biography in ch. Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa ( RETAIL PRICE LIST OF WORLD PAPER MONEY & BANKNOTES All the items are in UNC (uncirculated) condition unless stated otherwise. All the goods on this website are. He was buried in an unmarked grave somewhere in Mongolia. Many of these invasions repeated the earlier large- scale slaughters of local populations. As a result, Genghis Khan and his empire have a fearsome reputation in local histories. He decreed the adoption of the Uyghur script as the Mongol Empire's writing system. He also practiced meritocracy and encouraged religious tolerance in the Mongol Empire while unifying the nomadic tribes of Northeast Asia. Present- day Mongolians regard him as the founding father of Mongolia. This brought communication and trade from Northeast Asia into Muslim Southwest Asia and Christian Europe, thus expanding the horizons of all three cultural areas. Early life. Lineage. Tem. When the Jurchen. Jin dynasty switched support from the Mongols to the Tatars in 1. Khabul Khan. This position was contested by the rival Tayichi'ud clan, who descended directly from Ambaghai. Press ESC to (de)select the searchbox. By Rating: Rated PG for: By Genre: musical: By Actor: Ben Stiller: By Director: Peter Jackson. In 1991 the Mongols celebrated the 2000 year-anniversary of the first Hun (Hsiung-nu) state, established in 209 BC, or 1415 B.CK. Patterns of Conflict John R. Boyd Edited by Chet Richards and Chuck Spinney Produced and designed by Ginger Richards For information on this edition, please see the. When the Tatars grew too powerful after 1. Jin switched their support from the Tatars to the Keraites. Birth. Autumn at the Onon River, Mongolia, the region where Tem. The few sources that give insight into this period often contradict. Tem. The Secret History of the Mongols reports that Tem. He was the second son of his father Yes. According to the Secret History, Tem. Like many of the nomads of Mongolia, Tem. His father arranged a marriage for him and delivered him at age nine to the family of his future wife B. Upon learning this, Tem. But the tribe refused this and abandoned the family, leaving it without protection. For the next several years, the family lived in poverty, surviving mostly on wild fruits, ox carcasses, marmots, and other small game killed by Tem. Temujin's older half- brother Begter began to exercise power as the eldest male in the family and would eventually have the right to claim Hoelun (who was not his own mother) as wife. With the help of a sympathetic guard, he escaped from the ger (yurt) at night by hiding in a river crevice. Soon, Jelme and Bo'orchu joined forces with him. They and the guard's son Chilaun eventually became generals of Genghis Khan. At this time, none of the tribal confederations of Mongolia were united politically, and arranged marriages were often used to solidify temporary alliances. Soon after the marriage, B. She gave birth to a son, Jochi (1. Despite speculation over Jochi, B. Genghis Khan also had many other children with his other wives, but they were excluded from succession. The names of at least six daughters are known, and while they played significant roles behind the scenes during his lifetime, no documents have survived that definitively provide the number or names of daughters born to the consorts of Genghis Khan. This relationship was first reinforced when B. Before this, they were blood brothers (anda) vowing to remain eternally faithful. Rift with Jamukha and defeat at Dalan Balzhut. As Jamukha and Tem. Jamukha supported the traditional Mongolian aristocracy, while Tem. Threatened by this rise, Jamukha attacked Temujin in 1. He delegated authority based on merit and loyalty, rather than family ties. When he defeated rival tribes, he did not drive away their soldiers and abandon their civilians. Instead, he took the conquered tribe under his protection and integrated its members into his own tribe. He would even have his mother adopt orphans from the conquered tribe, bringing them into his family. These political innovations inspired great loyalty among the conquered people, making Tem. He allegedly planned to assassinate Tem. Although Toghrul was allegedly saved on multiple occasions by Tem. This was disrespectful in Mongolian culture and led to a war. Toghrul allied with Jamukha, who already opposed Tem. However, the dispute between Toghrul and Jamukha, plus the desertion of a number of their allies to Tem. Jamukha escaped during the conflict. This defeat was a catalyst for the fall and eventual dissolution of the Keraite tribe. The next direct threat to Tem. The Naimans did not surrender, although enough sectors again voluntarily sided with Tem. In 1. 20. 1, a khuruldai elected Jamukha as G. Jamukha's assumption of this title was the final breach with Tem. Before the conflict, several generals abandoned Jamukha, including Subutai, Jelme's well- known younger brother. After several battles, Jamukha was turned over to Tem. Jamukha refused the offer, saying that there can only be one sun in the sky, and he asked for a noble death. The custom was to die without spilling blood, specifically by having one's back broken. Jamukha requested this form of death, although he was known to have boiled his opponents' generals alive. Sole ruler of the Mongol plains (1. Genghis Khan proclaimed Khagan of all Mongols. Illustration from a 1. Jami' al- tawarikh manuscript. The part of the Merkit clan that sided with the Naimans were defeated by Subutai, who was by then a member of Tem. The Naimans' defeat left Tem. These include rifts with his early allies such as Jamukha (who also wanted to be a ruler of Mongol tribes) and Wang Khan (his and his father's ally), his son Jochi, and problems with the most important shaman, who allegedly tried to drive a wedge between him and his loyal brother Khasar. His military strategies showed a deep interest in gathering intelligence and understanding the motivations of his rivals, exemplified by his extensive spy network and Yam route systems. He seemed to be a quick student, adopting new technologies and ideas that he encountered, such as siege warfare from the Chinese. He was also ruthless, demonstrated by his tactic of measuring against the linchpin, used against the tribes led by Jamukha. As a result, by 1. Tem. This was a monumental feat. It resulted in peace between previously warring tribes, and a single political and military force. The union became known as the Mongols. At a Khuruldai, a council of Mongol chiefs, Tem. The title Khagan was conferred posthumously by his son and successor . He consulted Buddhist monks, Muslims, Christian missionaries, and the Taoist monk Qiu Chuji. Muslims had to slaughter sheep in secret. Circumcision was also forbidden. Jews were also affected, and forbidden by the Mongols to eat Kosher. Yet you do not eat our food or drink. How can this be right? Because the poor people are upset by this, from now on, Musuluman . To the east and south was the Jin dynasty, founded by the Manchurian. Jurchens, who ruled northern China as well as being the traditional overlords of the Mongolian tribes for centuries. He correctly believed that the more powerful young ruler of the Jin dynasty would not come to the aid of Xi Xia. When the Tanguts requested help from the Jin dynasty, they were refused. Wanyan Jiujin, the field commander of the Jin army, made a tactical mistake in not attacking the Mongols at the first opportunity. Instead, the Jin commander sent a messenger, Ming'an, to the Mongol side, who defected and told the Mongols that the Jin army was waiting on the other side of the pass. At this engagement fought at Yehuling, the Mongols massacred hundreds of thousands of Jin troops. In 1. 21. 5, Genghis besieged, captured, and sacked the Jin capital of Zhongdu (modern- day Beijing). This forced the Jin ruler, Emperor Xuanzong, to move his capital south to Kaifeng, abandoning the northern half of his empire to the Mongols. Between 1. 23. 2 and 1. Kaifeng fell to the Mongols under the reign of Genghis's third son, . The Jin dynasty collapsed in 1. Caizhou. Qara Khitai. Kuchlug, the deposed Khan of the Naiman confederation that Tem. Genghis Khan decided to conquer the Qara Khitai and defeat Kuchlug, possibly to take him out of power. By this time the Mongol army was exhausted from ten years of continuous campaigning in China against the Western Xia and Jin dynasty. Therefore, Genghis sent only two tumen (2. Kuchlug, under his younger general, Jebe, known as . As a result, Kuchlug's army was defeated west of Kashgar. Kuchlug fled again, but was soon hunted down by Jebe's army and executed. By 1. 21. 8, as a result of defeat of Qara Khitai, the Mongol Empire and its control extended as far west as Lake Balkhash, which bordered Khwarazmia, a Muslim state that reached the Caspian Sea to the west and Persian Gulf and the Arabian Sea to the south. Khwarazmian Empire. In the early 1. 3th century, the Khwarazmian dynasty was governed by Shah. Ala ad- Din Muhammad. Genghis Khan saw the potential advantage in Khwarazmia as a commercial trading partner using the Silk Road, and he initially sent a 5. However, Inalchuq, the governor of the Khwarazmian city of Otrar, attacked the caravan, claiming that the caravan contained spies and therefore was a conspiracy against Khwarazmia. The situation became further complicated because the governor later refused to make repayments for the looting of the caravans and handing over the perpetrators. Genghis Khan then sent again a second group of three ambassadors (two Mongols and a Muslim) to meet the Shah himself instead of the governor Inalchuq. The Shah had all the men shaved and the Muslim beheaded and sent his head back with the two remaining ambassadors. This was seen as an affront and insult to Genghis Khan. Outraged, Genghis Khan planned one of his largest invasion campaigns by organizing together around 1. He left a commander and number of troops in China, designated his successors to be his family members and likely appointed . After compiling intelligence from many sources Genghis Khan carefully prepared his army, which was divided into three groups. His son Jochi led the first division into the northeast of Khwarazmia.
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